Influences On Early American L :: essays research papers

It is strange to consider Thomas Jefferson’s writings when speaking on traits of the American. Jefferson never wrote directly on the topic of the general character of the American. It was he, who was more responsible for setting the parameters of a society which would fulfill the ideals of what would become a part of the American character. He knew that liberty and equality could not exist in a hierarchical society. He also was aware that a society which was primarily production oriented, bound together by interdependence on those who controlled the the financial resources would put to much power in the hands of a few. A society of farmers, he believed, could support a society based on individualism and not conformity. This view, read by early Americans, led to the view of the American being an individualist and not a conformist. In order to be considered a nation the people have to be united through a series of common qualities and values. The most important of these is the quality of individualism. To be an individualist ties in all the other essential qualities of being an American such as the right to create your own destiny. The opposite of this value is conformity, an essential trait of those under a hierarchical system such as a monarchy. Conformity is not only seen as a trait of the subservient but also a destroyer of true democracy. Individualism was a trait actual selected for by the very processes which led a certain type of person to come to America. The non-conformists were people who would not allow themselves to be goaded into directions the monarchs of the old world wanted them to follow. This type of person has to be and individualist because a conformist would just remain in the old world content to follow the lead of others. The effect of settling a wilderness also was a contributing factor to the formation of this trait. Being isolated from others and most of the time totally dependent on yourself or the small band to which you belonged for all your needs is very conducive to further development of individualism. This individualism could only thrive in a society such as the one Jefferson conceived. As society develops and the populations become concentrated interdependency grows killing off the independent spirit. As society changed from an agrarian one to production oriented society, starting in the early 1800’s, Americans became dependent on others for things which they no longer produced as a family unit.

berry goody :: essays research papers

Berry Gordy: Father of the Motown Sound Berry Gordy Jr. was born in Detroit, Michigan on November 28, 1929. He was the seventh born out of eight siblings. His parents migrated to Detroit from Georgia during 1922. They were part of a mass exodus of African Americans who left the South in the 20's and traveled to northern cities in search of better economic futures. During that time jobs were plentiful in the factories, mainly the big four automotive plants that like, Chrysler, Ford, Chevrolet, and General Motors. Berry and Bertha Gordy would instill in Berry Jr. and his brothers and sisters a strong work ethic and a belief that anything could be achieved through persistence. His family also had deep roots in business. Berry Sr. owned a plastering and carpentry service, a general store, and a printing business. Gordy's family believed in the philosophy of Booker T. Washington, which stressed economic independence for blacks. Gordy Sr. named his store after him. Berry Gordy Jr. was heavily influenced by the ambition of his father. Like his father, he was also very determined and he tried many new ventures. Berry was an average student who earned decent grades. Despite this he decided to drop out of Northeastern High School to peruse a featherweight boxing career. He once even fought on the same card as the great Joe Louis. He had a brief but successful series of fights but decided to give up boxing in 1951. That same year he would then decide to try out the Army. He served for two years during the Korean War; there he earned his high school equivalency diploma. After his short stint in the army, he decided to open a record store, which only sold jazz records. Berry always enjoyed listening to records in his basement and he had a great love of music. Berry always hung around Detroit's popular nightspots to hear the bebop jazz sounds. He was able to see the performances of famous artists like pianist Thelonious Monk and saxophonist Charlie "Bird" Parker. Unfortunately, Berry's store eventually closed due to financial difficulties. Gordy soon found himself working at Ford's Mercury plant, earning $85 a week. Bored with his assembly line job, he spent all of his free time writing songs. Berry would hum melodies and make up song lyrics in his head to break the monotony of everyday work. Berry soon began to get serious about song writing and he got his big break when he won a talent contest.

Death Among the Ibo Essay

Although the book Things Fall Apart and The Joys of Motherhood cover about seventy years, the difference between life in 1880s Nigeria and Nigeria in the 1950s is extreme. The Ibo people change from a clan and tribal people to a much less closely knit people much like Europeans or North Americans. The change should not necessarily be construed as an improvement in the life of the Ibo people. When Things Fall Apart begins the Ibo people are much the same as they have been for presumably centuries. They are an agrarian people living close to the land without lives that have isolated and sanitized from death. Death is a natural part of life and is common. They have rules and traditions that have taught them how to deal with death. Although many of their beliefs may seem strange to people in the twenty-first century North America the seem to work well for the Ibo until their traditions are interrupted by European Christian missionaries. The Ibo beliefs have a certain innocence and simplified world view that is remarkably refreshing when compared to today’s efforts to remove death away from society and to prolong death and aging as long as possible. There is a matter of fact character in the Ibo approach to death that makes death both real and normal. There are rules to be followed. When a man dies with a swollen abdomen and swollen limbs, he is not to be buried in the earth because his body would pollute the land (Achebe, 14-15). When an Umuofia girl is murdered, the leaders meet to decide what to do. After discussion they decide they should request compensation for the girl’s death. They elect Okonkwo a young leader who is a self-made man to visit the tribe of the man who has killed the girl and demand that a girl be sent to the Umuofia to replace the girl and another youth be given to the Umuofia as punishment for the murder. There is a balance here that lacks the vengeance of â€Å"an eye for an eye† of the Judeo-Christian culture. Instead it is more of a â€Å"tit for tat† response. Okonkwo visits the neighboring tribe and presents them with the demands of the Umuofia. Clearly there is the threat that war will result if their demand is not met, but it is not made in the â€Å"do it or else† manner common in the twentieth and twenty-first century western civilization. The tribe agrees to the demands of the Umuofia and gives a young girl who is given to the father of the murdered girl. A second youth, Ikemefuna sent to the Umuofia where he is given to the charge of Okonkwo with whom he lives for three years where he is treated like a son Three years later the leaders decide Ikemefuna should be killed to satisfy justice about the girl’s murder. Despite his having treated Ikemefuna as a son, Okonkwo participates in the slaying. He does this in spite of a warning of an elder not to participate because Ikemefuna calls Okonkwo â€Å"Father.† Okonkwo seems surprised about this warning. The decision has been made by the Umuofia leaders and therefore must be followed. There are several interesting attitudes about death and children. Certainly infant death is common among the Ibo. When a child survives infancy and it appears will live to become an adult, the child is said to be staying (Achebe, 42). Similar to this is a belief that some children are reluctant to be born into this world and retain a iyi-uwa that allows them to die so they can be reborn to their mother to torment them. To stop this cycle a medicine man will take the body of the deceased infant and mutilate it so that it will be unable to return, though some have been know to return with a missing finger or mark from the medicine man’s action. Okonkwo who is a renown and admired member of the Umuofia accidentally kills a youth, he and his family are banished. When this happens Okonkwo appears to accept his sentence stoically because it is the established rule. During his banishment European, Christian missionaries move into the area and begin to â€Å"civilize† the Ibo. Laws are made and enforced by hanging and imprisonment. Ibo who suffer such punishment lose their dignity and are no longer the man he had worked to be. When Okonkwo knows that he is going to be killed by the Europeans, he hangs himself rather than submit to the white man’s law. As one might expect from the title Emecheta’s book, The Joys of Motherhood ¸ is more concerned with childbirth and motherhood than with death. It is interesting that the perspective of this book is decidedly written from the female point of view and is concerned with life, instead of the masculine point of view expressed in Things Fall Apart where death is a more prominent concern. In this book death is treated much like it is today. The characters in this book no longer live in the tribal or clan community that Okonkwo lived in where death is considered a normal part of life. Instead they move to the city, Lagos, where they work for low wages doing the chores the more wealthy white people consider beneath them. Here death is not so common and not accepted so easily. When Nnu Ego’s son dies in infancy and she attempts to commit suicide, she is judged as insane until she is able to move on and continue her day to day life. Her dead son’s body is taken away soon to be replaced by the birth of additional children. Death is less acceptable and hidden from the people because the British people don’t want to think about it. Instead they sanitize it and move it away from day to day life. This happens to the Ibo as well as they move into the twentieth century British colonial lifestyle. Unlike the deaths occurring seventy years earlier where the clan is aware of each death and is able to accept it for the sake of the clan, Nnu Ego dies lying at the side of the road unrecognized. She is not missed by her clan or her people who are scattered throughout the country. The lack of concern about the rights of the individual regarding death in Achebe’s book is disturbing. Given today’s sensibilities where the individual is more important than the society the idea of   replacing one murdered girl with another girl to take her place and the idea of offering a hostage as a response to having committed a crime is troubling. People today   want to move on and get on with their lives after death, almost as if they were to acknowledge death, they will be stricken with some horrible contagious disease. Acceptance of death is still a societal problem today. American’s today seem unable to accept it. However, after reading these books, one if forced to wonder which of the approached to death, the 1880s Ibo, the 1950’s Ibo, or that of Americans in 2006 is best. In some ways the 1880s version with its innocent and almost nostalgic response to death seems to the best.

Drug Trafficking

The world is currently engaged in a War on Drugs, a war that has been waged for decades and which shows no indication of being successfully concluded in the near future. As with other types of wars, this one has fronts both within the domestic borders as well as in foreign lands and the war affects the country's economic policy and shapes relationships with numerous foreign powers. Military and intelligence services are engaged in the war, as are various law enforcement agencies at the local, state and federal levels. Yet drug use and abuse continues to be strong, and drug interdiction efforts on the international level draw mixed reviews. This research considers the issue of drug trafficking, and examines the political ramifications. Drug traffickers run everything like a business. They sell a product, compete for customers, and market their product; collect payments, payout commissions and salaries for people that work for them. â€Å"It is frequently argued that drug dealers can be viewed as entrepreneurs involved in ‘enterprise crime’ and that drug trafficking has much in common with legitimate business† (Desroches 830). A major difference between running a business and upper level drug trafficking is that the traffickers do not follow the rules and regulations that a legitimate business is required to follow. Many people are aware of the financial benefits that can be awarded from selling illicit drugs. Generally, the reward overrides the risk to most people in the illegal drug market. Factors such as economical changes forced those who were used to making a living from repairing and reselling junk to seeking fast money that could generate huge profits. One would think trafficking into US borders wouldn’t be a big issue with all of the technology and man power of the United States. Trafficking into the United States is very difficult to prevent with â€Å"more than 295 million people, involving upward of 88 million cars and 4. 5 million trucks and railroad cars cross at 38 official border crossing points each year. In particular, the San Ysidro border crossing at the junction of Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico and San Diego, California, USA is reportedly the busiest land border crossing in the world, with 46 million persons and 14 million vehicles crossing annually† (Brouwer et al 710). In Asia, â€Å"China shares a 2,000 kilometer border with Burma, thus resulting in China serving as a major transit route in addition to a source of consumption† (Clarke75). Estimations suggest that there are tens of millions drug users in China. 80 percent support their drug problem through crime and 40% of the crime is drug related. Past foreign policy decisions by China and their trade of weapons area main reason for the ease of importing illegal drug into the country. Korea is a neighboring country of China with government funded narcotics trafficking. Since Korea has some government funded trafficking;the detection of smuggling drugs into China is very difficult to regulate. Beijing spends a lot of focus on its borders with the Southeast Asian countries because of Xinjiang. Xinjiang is bordered by the Arabian Sea and is under developed. â€Å"Xinjiang is a desirable trafficking destination, given its geographic proximity to major areas of production and the fact that transport is much less risky, especially since counternarcotics measures taken by China, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Central Asian republics remain inadequate† (Clarke93). Overall, smaller is safer as far as drug distribution enterprises are concerned. â€Å"In countries with competent and uncorrupted law enforcement agencies, drug syndicates that remains small, inconspicuous, and fly under the radar of enforcement agencies are much more likely to survive than their larger counter parts† (Desroches 833). Higher level drug traffickers closely resemble independent business persons in a wholesale distribution system. Knowledge and information are tightly controlled which keeps crew members from asking too many questions. â€Å"Underlings will know little about the criminal enterprise other than their assigned tasks and may not even be aware of the identity of core members above them in the drug chain† (Desroches 835). Approaching and addressing international drug issues is not a simple task due to numerous contradictions that involve the built in nature of economics, politics, culture, and individual ideologies. The normal attributes of drugs, as well as the changing characteristics of these mind-altering substances, makes them the center of complex studies that end up producing contradictory and inconclusive reports The United States is currently engaged in a War on Drugs, a war that has been waged for decades and which shows no indication of being successfully concluded in the near future. As with other types of wars, this one has fronts both within the domestic borders as well as in foreign lands, and the war affects the country's economic policy and shapes relationships with numerous foreign powers. The United States military and intelligence services are engaged in the war, as are various law enforcement agencies at the local, state and federal levels. Yet drug use and abuse continues to be strong within the United States, and drug interdiction efforts on the international level draw mixed reviews. A legal business â€Å"operates under the scrutiny of law enforcement, illicit firms must distribute their goods and services in a secretive manner without the benefits of legal protections afforded to legitimate business† (Desroches 830). This leaves them where they are not able to secure credit and collect debts. They are also not able to advertise their products and face the high risk of robbery and violence. The two competing views the upper level trafficker face are they are controlled by small number of large highly discipline criminal mafias, and the large number of small independent criminal ran organizations thatcompete with one another for market share. There are several obstacles that stand in the way of trafficking. Some of these include the RCMP, the police, and other such bodies. However, as for the strength of these bodies in terms of catching criminals in possession of or trafficking drugs the chances are very slim. Most of these people are caught when they are stopped for other related possessions Trafficking drugs exists only because certain drugs are illegal in the United States and elsewhere, and because a shadow and illegal market exists for these drugs. Clientelism is very active in countries such as Rio de Janeiro, and has gradually changed to the coming forth of powerful locally based narcotics traffickers. Politicians in Rio de Janeiro understand that if they can win the votes of people of favelas (the lower class slums of Rio de Janeiro), they can win their political races. In order for politicians to accomplish winning votes, they turn to drug dealers. Drug dealers influence the favelas heavily and get them to vote for the politicians they say. Once that politician is elected into office the drug dealers are given power from the favors they get from politicians they helped get elected into office. This has resulted in a double clientelism in which drug traffickers make exchanges with politicians and then turn around and deliver services to favelas themselves. Traffickers regularly threw parties for residents in each of the communities. â€Å"It is widely known that traffickers in Rio de Janeiro provide services to favela residents in exchange for their protection from police and other traffickers† (Arias 432). The favela residents have direct contact with the drug traffickers who they feel is in power because of the favors the politicians are providing them. Drug raffickers are a constant presence in favelas who work to provide some degree of regular security and assistance to residents while politicians appear in the favela only around elections which is why â€Å"the relationship between politicians and favela residents tends to be much less personal than the relationship between residents and politicians† (Arias 433). The growing tolerance of violence in poor areas among the upper classes and the ongoing relationships many politicians maintain with drug traffickers means that crime has become naturally apart of the political system. It is unlikely to be controlled without some sort of major political change. Rio de Janeiro’s political system needs violence in order to function. â€Å"Politicians depend on relationships with criminals to provide them with secure access to poor communities and, as a result, do little to remove them once in office† (Arias 435). While drug traffickers can work with several politicians in order to get policies or conditions to their liking, favela residents are usually dominated by one gang and cannot choose their trafficker. As a result â€Å"residents negotiating power during electoral periods is weakened by the fusion of a fixed-patron clientelism in which clients have virtually no choice about who their patron will be and of the more flexible neo-clientelism that characterized Rio politics† (Arias 443). Bartilow and Eom argue the effects of trade openness beginning with whether or not it undermines drug interdiction. One argument was the concern of legal cross-border trade in volume provides cover for drug smuggling. As trade openness keeps expanding the volume of legal trade, states’ ability to detect and interdict drug trafficking is severely diminished† (Bartilow and Eom 119). The more openness to trade increases the odds and volume of illegal drugs being smuggled between countries. Over the past decade as trade openness has increased, the top seaports have nearly tripled the amount of containers that have been imported and inspected. â€Å"Today, the sheer volume of trade via containerized shipping networks has allowed drug traffickers to conceal illicit cargo and has significantly lowered the probability of being detected by law enforcement. (Bartilow and Eom 119). A second argument by Bartilow and Eom was that trade openness makes it convenient for drug traffickers to launder money and invest in other legal and illegal activities. This increases the power of the drug industry and makes it difficult for officials to monitor the flow of drug money. â€Å"Today, drug money is laundered through the stock market, Internet banking and Internet casino, the insurance and real estate industries, credit and debit card schemes, the diamond and gold industries, currency markets, the entertainment industry, and the hotel and rental car industries† (Bartilow and Eom 119). Bartilow and Eom also argue the effect on a country’s work force as well as the alliances among criminal organizations across different countries. The concern of trade openness enhancing drug interdiction was argued in the following part. The first argument was if the financial gains from trade would decrease the desire to participate in the drug industry. â€Å"Trade openness can open new markets to domestic producers who would otherwise resort to exporting illicit drugs† (Bartilow and Eom 120). The next view agrued that trade openness will increase government revenues and increase the overall drug enforcement capabilities. The increased revenue would provide money to purchase security and surveillance to drug enforcement authorities. Another view was that increased trade openness between border states is that â€Å"while trade openness facilitates the integration of markets, it also strengthens cross-national cooperation in the gathering and sharing of intelligence that is relevant in the interdiction and prosecution of drug smugglers† (Bartilow and Eom 121). This would encourage and increase cross border security between two countries. The final argument was if trade openness does not necessarily affect drug interdiction. There is no evidence to show whether illegal or legal trade is increasing. â€Å"Therefore it is not clear what effect trade openness does have on transnational crime, such as drug trafficking, and consequently on the ability of law enforcement to interdict drug smuggling† (Bartilow and Eom 121). Another perspective was whether the financial markets are affected. Once again there is no evidence towards such a relationship. Most of the arguments she that trade openness undermines drug interdiction has the greatest impact. In conclusion, drug trafficking is an ongoing problem that will not be going anywhere anytime soon. Struggles between politicians and people attempting to make fast money will keep the act of trafficking going forever. Unfortunately it brings down societies both economically and morally. These factors affect the youth of today’s society and their future. Overall, drug trafficking leads to violence, political corruption, and the loss of many lives. Works Cited Arias, Enrique Desmond. â€Å"Trouble en Route: Trafficking and Clientelism in Rio de Janeiro Shantytowns. † Qualitative Sociology 29. 4 (2006): 427-45. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. Bartilow, Horace A. and Kihong Eom. â€Å"Free Traders and Drug Smugglers: The Effects of Trade Openness on States’ Ability to Combat Drug Trafficking. † Latin Americans in Politics and Society 51. 2 (2006): 117-45. _ Academic Search Complete_. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. Brouwer, Kimberly, et al. â€Å"Trends in Production, Trafficking, and Consumption of Methamphetamine and Cocaine in Mexico. † Substance Use & Misuse 41. 5 (2006): 707-27. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. Clarke, Ryan. â€Å"Narcotics Trafficking in China: Size, Scale, Dynamic and Future Consequences. † Pacific Affairs 81. 1 (2008): 73-93. Academic Search Complete. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. Desroches, Frederick. â€Å"Research on Upper Level Drug Trafficking: A Review. † _Journal of Drug Issues 37. 4 (2007): 827-44. Academic Search Complete_. Web. 3 Mar. 2010. Drug Trafficking Drug trafficking is getting more serious everyday that if we do not make an attempt to stop or slow it down, deadly consequences will occur. There have been so many articles about this issue and the rate of deaths of people using drugs is increasing rapidly. Everything has a start and so do drugs. The drugs come from traffickers who don’t care about the result of people using it; therefore, they only care about how much money they gain. That is why I chose this topic; I chose it because I want to help everybody to stay away from drugs.In my opinion, drug trafficking has more impact to us than any of the other crimes such as human trafficking or drug smuggling because once the drugs have been sold and used by the users, there is almost no way out. Drugs destroy you from your health to your job, business, and worse, your relationships. According to Fitzgerald, by 1925 there were at least 30,000 to 100,000 of illegal premises in New York alone (Fitzgerald). This proves that the s preading speed of drug trafficking is increasing fast, making more people suffer from the effect it brings.The reason I am writing this essay is that my cousin has used drugs once and it kept him isolated from everybody he knows, he stole all of his parents’ money and spent it on drugs. His parents are now so desperate, they gave up on him. Nobody knows where he is now. This creates such an impact on me as on my family. Drugs do not only make you sick, it is also a prison that locks you, makes you feel alone and isolates you. Nobody deserves to be like this, drug trafficking must be stopped now.As a high school student, I cannot do many things, but sometimes the smallest things you do can have an influence on the entire world. Research about this topic has helped me a lot, it teaches me that spreading is incredibly dangerous in both positive and negative ways so I will use that way to fight against drug trafficking. I will tell my friends about the cautions, the negative thin gs about drugs and drug trafficking and remind them to spread the news to everybody. Activities such as organizing a concert or a festival can help a lot.I believe this will create a great impact on everybody if they know about the issue and be careful with themselves to stay out of drugs. People usually see drugs as an escape. That is why I am also making YouTube videos with my friends. We are going to discuss experiences in life and how fun each one can be. The goal is to show people life is amazing, there are more adventures outside than just using drugs. We want to say that if you have a life, spend it wisely in hopes this will affect people as it did to me. This highly spread of illegal action has even come to my city, which is Hanoi.This happened about two months ago when 216 kg of heroin was being transferred from Taiwan to Vietnam (D?ng, 2013). The event took place right in an airport where our family used to go to. If this was not discovered, many drugs could have been brou ght to Vietnam and sold to many people. The reason I am thinking negatively about this subject is because many people are dying as a result of using drugs. According to BBC, the number of people killed in drug-related violence since 2006 has reached more than 60,000 which is a tremendous number (Q&A: Mexico's drug-related violence, 2013).Not only that, they may then force each other to use drugs which lead to buying more drugs that cause a lot of money. And, finally, they will end up bankrupt and killing other innocent people for money to buy drugs. I feel sorry for these people. That is why I do not agree on trafficking drugs. Researching about drug trafficking has taught me many things.It teaches me that even though drugs are very profitable, according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, on 25th October 2011, drug traffickers have laundered around $1. 6 trillion, or 2.7 per cent of global GDP (unodc), but we should not take advantage of it and sell it because when we sell it, we are killing people every second. I have learnt that we should not hurt each other just because we want to have profit. We belong to the same species, we should not kill each other, we should take care and protect each other. It also teaches me that life has better things to live for such as your family or your friends, spending your time on drugs not only end your life, but also causes your loved ones a very important piece of their life.In conclusion, there are many ways we can think or discuss drug trafficking, but the important thing is that you are trying to do something about it. Everything matters, even a small help can change the world’s thoughts about drugs and may stop the industry. I am now just a student, I cannot do much, but I know; if I keep trying, someday my hard work will pay off and then drug trafficking will not be a problem anymore. â€Å"Making money isn't hard in itself†¦ What's hard is to earn it doing something worth devoting one's li fe to. † By Carlos Ruiz Zafon (Zafon) Drug Trafficking The topic I have chosen to write is about drug trafficking. This topic is very interesting to me because right now, everywhere you go its a hot topic. In my country drugs are a very big problem, too. So, nowadays this topic is increasing to top and unfortunately drug trafficking is an easy way of earning money for some people.Drug trafficking causes multiple problems for families and communities. The most important problem are the teenagers. Drug traffic is also influencing a lot of teenagers because of the easy money they can earn in a short period. This situation is causing widespread among young people. A second problematic effect of drug trafficking is the government. The government is doing nothing about it. This is important affairs and the states know this issue despite, but they didn't have the adequate intelligence to do anything for the country’s economy.Despite these problems, the menace of drugs can be fought. Education is the first line of attack. Parents and chil dren need to be taught. This is a must. They can be taught at special conferences in community centers, live from the television, internet, at home and at school about danger of drug abuse and trade. For example, If a child in your class is using drugs and other friends saw him affected by these events. Another approach to the problem of drug trafficking is about governments. Governments should focus their attention to solve the problem of drug trafficking and they can also aggravate penalties.In conclusion, although the problems of drug trading and   abuse may seem impossible to eliminate or to even control. So, to overcome this situation falls jobs for everyone. If everyone make something i think, this problem can be fixed.

Analysis of Catherine’s Character in Emily Bronte’s novel – Wuthering Heights

Catherine is a very complex character in Emily Bronte's novel – Wuthering Heights. We first meet her in the beginning paragraphs of the novel at first she appears a innocent child who loves the outdoors however later on when she is introduced to the Linton's this all changes she becomes greedy materialistic and two faced. She makes another change just before and after she married Edgar Linton. She became very fragile but also very violent. Before she died she made a final change to being very envious however throughout all her life she always remained loyal to Heathcliff and always loved Heathcliff Catherine and Heathcliff's relationship wasn't started off very well however once they were able to get to know each other they became great friends â€Å"†¦ Catherine was much to fond of Heathcliff† Even after the Christmas Catherine spent with the Linton's she was still good friends with him. She was such a good friend she risked creeping along a roof to be able to reach him. There friendship was so great it could be called love. Their love still continued into Catherine's and Edgar's marriage on which she said this about Heathcliff, â€Å"if all else perished and he remained I should still continue to be. I believe that the skill of Pathetic Fallacy was used to describe Catherine and Heathcliff's relationship as the house, Wuthering Heights itself. Wuthering Heights is rough, cold solid as was the relationship of Catherine and Heathcliff. â€Å"There younger relationship as friends was solid and wild whilst there relationships as adults and on the moors was rough and cold. This proves that her one tribute throughout her whole life was her love for Heathcliff. The more dark side of her character began to expose itself after the 5weeks she spent at the Linton's in Thrushcross Grange Catherine once a rough and wild girl spending her time playing on the moors now had changed. When she arrived home around Christmas time she had changed completely. Catherine was now wearing glamorous clothes, a silk frock with brilliant white trousers. Catherine manner had changed she was polite and what was known as Ladylike. She now didn't run to where she needed to go as before, she rode on horse back. With all these beautiful luxuries is no wonder why she had started to grow fond of these items, she had started to become materialistic. Her opinions on Heathcliff had changed she even tells him â€Å"you're sp dirty† however this is what she once was. Before her arrival to Thrush cross grange she would of neither cared or commented on the way Heathcliff looked that the state he was in would of not troubled her however as the story moves on I can see that when she is at Thrushcross she is peaceful and ladylike however when at Wuthering Heights she is rough both reflect the characteristics of each house. Subsequent to her stay at Thrushcross Grange Catherine's relationship with the Linton's became stronger. Catherine's relations were most strong with Edgar Linton they visited each others house frequently. There relationship grew and grew till it was announced that Catherine was to wed Linton and Catherine commented on marrying Heathcliff by saying â€Å"†¦ degrade me to marry him† This is a sign that she found her self superior to Heathcliff. Heathcliff hearing this ran away for three years. Catherine and Heathcliff were soul mates they were one soul entwined at Wuthering Heights. The relationship is rough, wild, dark and cold just like them and Wuthering Heights are. It appears to us that if one was taken away the other two would be destroyed since they are all there to support each there take one away the others shall fall. This is shown to us after Heathcliff left Catherine came down with a Brain fever and Wuthering Heights suffered great structural damage in a storm â€Å"†¦ knocked down a portion of the east chimney stack† Another example of this is when Catherine and Nelly leave to go to Thrushcross grange after Heathcliff left leaving Hindley to fall into a bad patch of drinking and gambling. Mr and Mrs Linton at Thrushcross grange contract an illness from Catherine and shortly they both die. Once Mr and Mrs Linton died there were just Edgar Nelly and Isabella looking after Catherine. Bronti uses this sentence to describe the relations between Catherine and the Linton's â€Å"†¦ the Honeysuckles embracing the thorns† The thorn was Catherine – the rough wild and harmful while the Honeysuckle was the Linton's – the kind gentle and harmless. The honeysuckle was moulding around the thorn meaning that the Linton's were doing everything to make Catherine better. But trying to make her better was a lost cause because she could never be truly at full health without the other half of her soul, this was Heathcliff. Catherine would always be damaged into they were reunited. When Heathcliff finally does return Catherine again makes a dramatic change. Following the return of Heathcliff Catherine becomes Envious. We can see that Isabella, Edgar's sister has strong feelings for Heathcliff. Catherine also sees this and try's her hardest to push Isabella away from her soul mate. Not just is Isabella being driven away by Catherine she is also being pushed away by Heathcliff. Heathcliff wants Catherine to be in much pain for marrying Edgar. Isabella eventually realises this but it was to lat she realises after Heathcliff and they have wed. We she this when she writes letter to Nelly which said â€Å"I hate him†¦ † The marriage had bad effects but none of them were attended since a couple of months later Catherine died next to her one and only true soul mate Heathcliff. It is evidential that Catherine never fully recovered from her brain fever. Her soul had been theoretically cut into when Heathcliff left, one half was with him the other with her. When he did finally return Catherine was happy however she noticed after a short period of time that Heathcliff paid more attention to Isabella than he did her. Catherine soul once again was ripped by Heathcliff's terrible deed, his and Isabella's marriage. However much later Heathcliff tried unsuccessfully to mend there relationship, however this could not be done and Catherine died next to Heathcliff in Thrushcross Grange. Catherine as you can see was a very complex character. She experienced all the character traits life could throw at her but one that stood above the rest was her love for Heathcliff. All the way through her life Heathcliff was there in some shape or form. She was connected to him all the time, she climbed buildings just to see him, ran out in the harsh cold weather of the moors to play with him but when he was not there she suffered major illness. Even when they we both married they were willing to risk everything by sharing a long and passionate kiss. Catherine belongs to Heathcliff; Heathcliff Belongs to Catherine just like Wuthering Heights belongs to the moors and the moors belongs to Wuthering Heights. Each of these 4 are cold, harsh wild and strong. When there together supporting one another they are an uncontrollable force.

What is reactive patrol

What is reactive patrol? How does reactive patrol differ from proactive patrol? What would happen of policing agencies adopted only one of these patrol styles? Reactive patrol is when police officers respond to public calls or to a crime that has already occurred. Reactive patrol provides help to ensure that calls are responded to in an efficient and timely manner. Reactive patrol also involves the follow-up investigations required to get additional information to prosecute.It has the advantages that the public operate openly and in response to real public emands and with the consent of the public. Reactive patrol is more of a traditional style of policing. It consists of police waiting for crime and then going to the scene to try apprehends suspects. On the other hand, proactive patrol tries to prevent the crimes from happening in the first place. For example, Reactive patrol- an officer can respond to a violent crime or an armed robbery, and could be the first to arrive and my invo lved in a confrontation with the criminal.While proactive patrols, officers heck businesses at nightly on a regularly basis, and notify businesses owners once doors are found unlocked or other safety problems greatly reduces the chance that the businesses will be burglarized. Armed robberies, violent crimes, bike patrols in crowded pedestrian areas, night-time business checks; are all parts of the reactive and proactive patrol. If police agencies adopted only one of these patrol styles. It would be harder to have police discretion. Police officer would never be able to stop crime before it happen, without reactive and proactive patrol.

Case study management

Answer 1 Roopali Deshmukh understood the specific objectives of her job and how these objectives and how these objectives fit in with the overall objectives set by the board of directors. Subsequently, she implemented the MBO process as a measure to improve the productivity of her sales team. Effective planning and consistent monitoring on her part as well as the team resulted in the successful implementation of the process. The phases of the MBO process which led to the successful accomplishment of the goals, are hereby discussed: The top management instructed the targets, which set the overall organizational goals and communicated them to the people down the hierarchy. As the marketing manager of the company, having daunting targets to achieve, Roopali initiated the MBO program, inviting participation from her sales team to increase organizational performance by aligning goals and subordinate objectives throughout the organization. The management did not interfere much with the means of achieving the objectives gave adequate autonomy to its employees in the lower hierarchy to implement progress achieve their plans. She examined the current state of affairs, the levels of efficiency of her team, identifying the opportunities and threats that might have a subsequent impact, thus identifying the key result areas to be attained. She motivated the team to decide on their individual roles and responsibilities to achieve the same, and thus the company’s targets. The objectives for each member of the team were mutually set agreed upon, in context with the company targets decided by management. The next phase involved setting specific time frames with respect to achieving the set objectives, post which plans were laid down on the consistently monitoring the performance over the set goals/objectives. Deshmukh effectively and consistently monitored the individual performance of each of her team member in line with the pre-determined plans, while providing positive feedbacks to the team members for their contributions to the company targets. Such a regular monitoring and periodic review helped not only provide feedback, which is essential for completion of work in time, but also motivated the team and each of the member accountable for his/her objectives. It was ensured on consistent basis, that if there were any deviations from the  pre-determined plans/objectives decided by the team, corrective actions were taken to fix them and overcome the deficiencies. The long term organisational targets as laid down by the top management were accomplished subsequently by the team as a consequence of the MBO program, which basically being a form of participative management additionally helps and encourages the employees as it gave them a sense of belongingness in the company, for the management recognizes their effort and participation in the accomplishment of the organisational goals. Answer 2 Management by Objectives (MBO), a term popularized by the famous management guru and author, Peter Drucker in his book â€Å"Practices of Management† (Drucker, 1954) is a democratic and participative style of management, in the sense that it â€Å"requires the managers/employees to set specific objectives to be achieved in the future and encourages them to continually ask what more can be done, is offered as a partial answer to this question of organizational vitality and creativity† (Thomson, n.d.). In simple terms, MBO is a process or system designed for supervisory managers in which a manager and his or her subordinate come together and jointly set specific objectives to be accomplished within a set time frame and for which the subordinate is then held directly responsible (Thomson, n.d.). MBO involves setting up short-term goals for employees in line with the long-term objectives of the organization. MBO is thus an effective tool for planning, control and developmen t in the organisation. The MBO Process The essential steps or elements in the process of management by objectives are hereby discussed: Management Objectives/Targets Reviewed The first phase in the MBO process involves â€Å"reviewing† the targets/goals laid down by the top management, which are then passed down from one subordinate level to another. The MBO approach injects an element of dialogue into the process of passing plans and objectives from one  organizational level to another. The MBO program is initiated by the top management, which sets the overall organizational goals and communicated them to the people down the hierarchy. Setting Employee / Subordinate Objectives The subordinates then collectively develop a group of specific goals, measures of achievement, and time frames in which the subordinate commits himself or herself to the accomplishment of those goals. The subordinate is then held responsible for the accomplishment of the goals (Jossey-Bass/Pleiffer, 1998). Develop plan of action After fixing the objective, the subordinate and superior make an action plan, which will be used by the subordinates to achieve the objective. It requires assignment of specific responsibilities to different departments, division, and individuals. It also requires allocation of necessary resources needed to perform the assigned responsibilities. It also involves setting specific time frames to achieve the set objectives without delays (Daffodil University, 2009). Periodic Review and Monitoring the progress The subordinates/ team members then evaluate/measure their own performances in line with the predetermined targets/ objectives, so as to fix the deviations and take corrective actions for the same. Performance Appraisal The last step in the process involves performance appraisal of the subordinates/employees evaluated based on the objectives/targets. The employees are rewarded and provided feedback based on their performance, which helps motivate them as the management recognizes their effort and appraises them foe their participation and involvement. Advantages of the Management by Objectives Process: Develops result-oriented philosophy: MBO is a result-oriented philosophy. Managers develop specific individual and group goals, develop appropriate action plans, properly allocate resources and establish control standards. It provides opportunities and motivation to staff to develop and make  positive contribution in achieving the goals of an Organisation (Marketing World, 2012). Better communication and Coordination: Recurrent reviews and communications between managers and subordinates helps to maintain congruous relations within the enterprise and also solve many problems faced during the period. Motivation: Involving employees in the whole process of goal setting and increasing employee empowerment increase employee job satisfaction and commitment. This subsequently helps in increasing the employee morale, which has a significant impact on the organisation’ functioning. Effective control: Performance evaluation and monitoring is an integral element of the process of MBO, which is significant for achieving the organisational objectives. Actual performance can be measured against the standards laid down for measurement of performance and deviations are corrected in time. A clear set of verifiable goals provides an outstanding guarantee for exercising better and effective control in the hierarchy (Marketing World, 2012). Expedites personal leadership: MBO enables individual manager to cultivate personal leadership and skills significant for efficient management of activities of a business unit.